viernes, 30 de enero de 2009

Intervención de la doctora Denise Dresser, durante el Foro "México ante la Crisis, ¿Qué hacer para crecer?"

30 de enero de 2009
http://www.senado.gob.mx/servicios_parlamentarios.php?ver=comunica_soc

El moderador Rolando Cordera Campos: Gracias licenciado Aguilar Borrego. Vamos a escuchar ahora a la doctora Denise Dresser, del Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México.

La doctora del Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, Denise Dresser:

Gracias. Es un gran placer estar aquí como académica, como ciudadana, como mujer, lamentablemente la única invitada a este foro.

México es un país privilegiado. Tiene una ubicación geográfica extraordinaria y cuenta con grandes riquezas naturales. Está poblado por millones de personas talentosas y trabajadoras. Pero a pesar de ello la pregunta perenne sigue siendo: ¿Por qué no crecemos a la velocidad que podríamos y deberíamos? ¿Por qué seguimos discutiendo este tema año tras año, foro tras foro?

Aventuro algunas respuestas y les pediría que me acompañaran en un ejercicio intelectual recordando aquel famoso libro de madame Calderón de la Barca, llamado La vida en México, escrito en el siglo XVII, en el cual intenta describir las principales características del país.

Si madame Calderón de la Barca escribiera su famoso libro hoy, tendría que cambiarle el título a Oligopolilandia, porque desde el primer momento en el que pisara el país se enfrentaría a los síntomas de una economía política disfuncional que la crisis tan sólo agrava.

Aterrizaría en uno de los aeropuertos más caros del mundo, se vería asediada por maleteros que controlan el servicio, tomaría un taxi de una compañía que se ha autodecretado un aumento del 30 por ciento, ante el pasmo de las autoridades y si tuviera que cargar gasolina, podría hacerlo tan sólo en Pemex.

En el hotel habría 75 por ciento de probabilidades de que consumiera una tortilla vendida por un solo distribuidor; y si se enfermara del estómago y necesitara ir a una farmacia descubriría que las medicinas ahí cuestan más que en muchas partes del mundo. Y si le hablara a su esposo de larga distancia para quejarse de la situación pagaría entre las tarifas más elevadas de la OCDE. Y si prendiera la televisión para distraerse ante el mal rato, descubriría que sólo existen dos cadenas.

Para entender la situación en la que se encuentra tendría que recordar lo que dijo Guillermo Ortiz hace unos días: "no hemos creado las condiciones para que los recursos se usen de manera eficiente", o tendría que leer el libro Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, que explica por qué algunos países prosperan y otros se estancan; por qué algunos promueven la equidad y otros no logran hacerlo.

La respuesta se halla en la mezcla correcta de Estado y mercado; de regulación e innovación. Y hoy México es un ejemplo clásico de lo que el premio Nobel de Economía, Joseph E. Stiglitz, llama "una mala encarnación del capitalismo", el capitalismo de cuate, honey capitalism, el capitalismo de cómplices, el capitalismo que no se basa en la competencia o en la innovación, sino en su obstaculización.

Ese andamiaje de privilegios y de posiciones dominantes y nudos sindicales en sectores cruciales para el desarrollo de cualquier país, y México no es la excepción.

¿Cuáles son esos sectores? Telecomunicaciones, servicios financieros, transporte, energía. Nudos que aprisionan a la economía y la vuelven ineficiente. Una mezcla de capitalismo de Estado y capitalismo oligárquico.

Hoy México, inmerso en esta crisis, está aún lejos de acceder a ese capitalismo exitoso, dinámico, democrático, donde el Estado no protege privilegios, no defiende cotos, no elige ganadores, no permite la perpetuación de un pequeño grupo de oligarcas con el poder de vetar las reformas que los perjudican. Ese capitalismo abierto donde las autoridades crean condiciones para los mercados abiertos, competitivos, innovadores que proveen mejores productos a precios más baratos para los consumidores, para los ciudadanos.

Y hoy México, lamentablemente, carga con los resultados de esfuerzos fallidos por modernizar esta economía durante los últimos 20 años. Las reformas de los ochenta y noventa entrañaron la privatización, la liberalización comercial, pero esas reformas no produjeron una economía dinámica de mercado, con regulación gubernamental eficaz, capaz de crear mercados funcionales y competitivos, porque en vez de transparencia y reglas claras prevaleció la discrecionalidad entre los empresarios que se beneficiaron de las privatizaciones y los funcionarios del gobierno encargados de regularlos.

Las declaraciones de Agustín Carstens, el martes pasado, en torno a la necesidad de combatir los monopolios en telefonía son bienvenidas. Lamentablemente se dan 18 años tarde y ahí están los resultados: una economía que no crece lo suficiente; una elite empresarial que no compite lo suficiente, un modelo económico que concentra la riqueza y distribuye mal la que hay.

México está atrapado por una red intrincada de privilegios y vetos empresariales y posiciones dominantes que inhiben un terreno más nivelado de juego. Una red que opera a base de favores y concesiones y protección regulatoria que el gobierno ofrece y los miembros de la cúpula empresarial de este país exigen para invertir.

¿Quién? Alguien como el dueño de una distribuidora de maíz o el concesionario de una carretera privada o el comprador de un banco rescatado por el Fobaproa o el principal accionista de Telmex o el operador de un Afore.

Estos actores capturan rentas a través de la explotación o la manipulación del entorno económico en vez de generar ganancias legítimas a través de la innovación y la creación de riqueza.

Y los consumidores, los ciudadanos de México contribuyen a la fortuna de los rentistas cada vez que pagan la cuenta telefónica, la conexión a Internet, la cuota en la carretera, la tortilla a un precio fijo, la comisión de las Afore, la comisión por una tarjeta de crédito; ejemplo tras ejemplo de rentas extraídas a través de la manipulación de los mercados. Y el rentismo acentúa la desigualdad, produce costos sociales, disminuye la productividad, aumenta los costos de transacción en una economía que para competir globalmente necesita disminuirlos.

Y para extraer esas rentas, esos jugadores dominantes, han erigido altas barreras de entrada a nuevos jugadores, creando así cuellos de botella que inhiben el crecimiento de México en un mundo cada vez más globalizado, y la concentración de la riqueza y el poder económico en esos jugadores dominantes ¿en qué se traduce? En ventajas injustas, en captura regulatoria, en políticas públicas que favorecen intereses particulares. Pero, peor aún, convierte a los representantes del interés público, a muchos de los diputados y los senadores sentados aquí, en empleados de los intereses atrincherados. Convierte al gobierno en empleado de las personas más poderosas del país y lleva a las siguientes preguntas:

¿Quién gobierna en México, el Senado de la República o Ricardo Salinas Pliego, cuando logra controlar los vericuetos del proceso legislativo, como lo hizo en el tema de los corresponsales bancarios? ¿Quién gobierna en México, la Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes o UNEFON, la Comisión Nacional Bancaria o los bancos que se rehusan a cumplir con las obligaciones de transparencia que la ley les exige? ¿Quién gobierna en México, la Secretaría de Educación Pública o Elba Esther Gordillo, la Comisión Federal de Competencia o Carlos Slim, Pemex o Carlos Romero Deschamps, ustedes o una serie de intereses que no logran contener?

Porque ante los vacíos de autoridad y la captura regulatoria y las decisiones de política pública que benefician a una minoría, la respuesta parece obvia.

México padece lo que algunos llaman "un Estado dentro del Estado", o lo que otros denominan "una economía sin un gobierno capaz de regularla de manera eficaz". Eso, y no la caída en la producción petrolera es lo que condena a México al subdesempeño crónico. Y una y otra vez el debate en este país sobre cómo promover el crecimiento y cómo fomentar la inversión y cómo generar el empleo se encuentra fuera de foco.

El gobierno piensa que para lograr esos objetivos basta con tenderle la mano al sector privado, para que invierta bajo cualquier condición, y el sector privado, por su parte, piensa que es la panacea que se le permita participar; por ejemplo, en el sector petrolero.

Pero ésa es sólo una solución parcial a un problema mucho más profundo, el meollo detrás de la mediocridad económica de México se encuentra en su estructura económica y en las reglas del juego político que la apuntalan; una estructura demasiado pesada en la punta de la pirámide, una estructura oligopolizada, donde unos cuantos se dedican a la extracción de rentas, una estructura de complicidades y colusiones que el gobierno permite y del cual también se beneficia.

Y claro, muchos de los miembros del gabinete de Felipe Calderón, muchos de los presentes en este foro hablarán del crecimiento como prioridad central; pero más bien, lo perciben como variable residual, más bien parecería que busca? Y duele reconocerlo como ciudadana? asegurar un grado mínimo de avance para mantener la paz social, pero sin alterar la correlación de fuerzas existentes, sin cambiar la estructura económica de una manera fundamental.

Y el problema surge cuando ese modelo que hemos construido comienza a crear monstruos, cuando ese apoyo gubernamental, a ciertos grupos y ciertas personas produce monopolios, duopolios, oligopolios y sindicatos rapaces que ya no pueden ser controlados, cuando las criaturas del Estado, como las llama Moisés Naím, el editor de la revista Foreing Policy, amenazan con devorar a ese Estado.

Sólo así se entiende la devolución gubernamental de 550 millones de dólares a Ricardo Salinas Pliego por intereses supuestamente mal cobrados un día antes del fin del sexenio de Vicente Fox, devolución otorgada por la Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes.

Sólo así se entiende el comunicado lamentable de la SCT, hace un año, celebrando la alianza entre Telemundo y Televisa, cuando en realidad revelaba una claudicación gubernamental ante la posibilidad de una tercera cadena de televisión.

Sólo así se entiende que nadie en este país levante un dedo para sancionar a Televisión Azteca cuando viola la ley, al rehusarse a transmitir los spot del IFE o se apropia del cerro del Chiquihuite.

Sólo así se entiende la posposición ad infinitum en el Senado de la República de una nueva ley de medios para promover la competencia en el sector.

Sólo así se comprende que la reforma a Pemex deje sin tocar el asunto del sindicato.

Sólo así se entiende la posibilidad de darle entrada a Carlos Slim a la televisión sin obligarlo a cumplir con las condiciones de su concesión original, síntomas de un gobierno ineficaz, síntomas de un gobierno doblegado; con efectos cada vez más obvios y cada vez más onerosos que la crisis pone en evidencia porque no logramos reformarnos a tiempo.

Mucha riqueza, pocos beneficiarios, crecimiento estancado, país aletargado, intereses atrincherados, reformas diluidas, poca competencia, baja competitividad, poder concentrado, democracia puesta en jaque.

Un gobierno que en lugar de domesticar a las criaturas que ha creado, ahora vive aterrorizado por ellas.

¿Y cuáles son las consecuencias de este mal capitalismo mexicano, donde las élites tradicionales son fuertes, la gobernabilidad democrática es poco eficaz, los partidos políticos tienden a estar capturados, las reformas económicas tienden a ser minimalistas?

El incrementalismo de la política pública en México se explica por el poder de veto que tienen aquellos que aseguran la perpetuación de sus intereses.

Si ustedes verdaderamente quieren que México crezca, tendrán que crear la capacidad de regular y reformar en nombre del interés público. Tendrán que mandar señales inequívocas de cómo van a desactivar esos centros de veto que están bloqueando el crecimiento económico y la consolidación democrática.

¿Y de quiénes estamos hablando aquí? Tienen nombre y apellido, los monopolistas abusivos y los sindicatos rapaces, y las televisoras chantajistas, y los empresarios privilegiados y sus aliados en el gobierno.

Si ustedes verdaderamente quieren que México prospere, tendrán que tomar decisiones que desaten el dinamismo económico, que fortalezcan la capacidad regulatoria del Estado y contribuyan a crear mercados que promuevan la competencia y gracias a ellos aumenten la competitividad. En pocas palabras, usar al Estado para contener a aquellos con más poder que el gobierno, con más peso que el electorado, con más intereses que el interés público.

¿Quieren medidas específicas? Se las doy. Los exhorto a leer textos tan incluyentes como: el reporte sobre el crecimiento, el poder de la productividad. A estar conscientes de todo lo que un país interesado en crecer y competir debe hacer para lograrlo.

A saber que ellos requiere una economía capaz de producir bienes y servicios de tal manera que los trabajadores puedan ganar más y más. A entender que ello se basa en la expansión rápida del conocimiento y la innovación. En nuevas formas de hacer cosas y mejorarlas. En técnicas que aumentan la productividad de manera constante. A reconocer que las economías dinámicas suelen ser aquellas capaces de promover la competencia y reducir las barreras de entrada a nuevos jugadores. A entender que es tarea del gobierno a través de la regulación adecuada crear un entorno en el cual las empresas se vean presionadas por sus competidores para innovar y reducir precios y pasar esos beneficios a los consumidores a comprender que si eso no ocurre nadie tiene incentivos para innovar; en lugar de ser motores del crecimiento las empresas protegidas o monopólicas terminan estrangulándolo.

¿Y cómo empezar a empujar eso? Con una tercera cadena de televisión abierta, con el fomento a la competencia en banda ancha usando, por ejemplo, la red de la Comisión Federal de Electricidad.

Con el fortalecimiento de los órganos regulatorios, con sanciones a quienes violen los términos de su concesión, con la creación de mercados funcionales como el que se logró con las aerolíneas de bajo costo, con medidas que empiecen a desmantelar esos cuellos de botella y a domesticar a esas criaturas del Estado.

La respuesta, como dijo Ricardo Lagos el martes, en el fondo es política; no económica. Tiene que ver con la inauguración de un nuevo tipo de relación entre el Estado, el mercado y los ciudadanos de este país.

Porque si la clase política de México, sentada aquí en primera fila de esta foro, no logra construir los cimientos del capitalismo democrático, condenará a México al subdesempeño crónico, a ser un terreno fértil para los movimientos en contra de las instituciones, condenará al país a cojear de lado, saboteado por instituciones políticas que no logra remodelar monopolios públicos y privados, que no logra desmantelar estructuras corporativas, que no logra democratizar.

Y será lo que el presidente Felipe Calderón llama "un país de ganadores", pero un país en el que siempre ganan los mismos, un lugar en que las grandes fortunas empresariales se construyen a base de la protección política y no de la innovación empresarial.

Un lugar en que el crecimiento económico ha sido mucho menos en la última década que en el resto de América Latina debido a esos cuellos de botella que los oligopolistas han diseñado y sus amigos en el gobierno les han permitido defender.

Un lugar en donde las penurias que la señora Calderón de la Barca enfrentó con los aeropuertos y los maleteros y los taxis y las gasolineras y la telefonía y la televisión? Entre tantos sectores más? son las mismas penurias que padecen millones de mexicanos, más.

Ese consumidor, ese ciudadano sin voz, sin alternativa, sin protección, ese hombre invisible, esa mujer sin rostro, esa persona que paga mes tras mes tarifas telefónicas más altas que casi en cualquier parte del mundo, ese estudiante que paga mes tras mes una cuenta de Internet superior a la de sus contrapartes en América del Norte.

Esa compañía que paga mes con mes servicios de telecomunicaciones, que elevan sus gastos de operación y reducen sus ganancias, miles de personas con comisiones por servicios financieros que no logran entender, con cobros inusitados que nadie puede explicar, parados en la cola de los bancos, ahí varados, ahí desprotegidos, ahí sin opciones, ahí afuera, víctimas de un sistema económico disfuncional, institucionalizado por una clase política que aplaude la aprobación de reformas que no atacan el corazón del problema, presidentes y secretarios de Estado, y diputados y senadores y empresarios que celebran una y otra vez el consenso para no cambiar.

Y aunque se agradece que este foro acepte la magnitud de la crisis, si de aquí no surgen medidas concretas para mirar más allá de la coyuntura, revelará nuevamente nuestra incapacidad para encarar honestamente los problemas que México viene arrastrando desde hace décadas.

Revelará la pretensión de los sentados aquí, a proponer reformas aisladas, anunciar medidas cortoplacistas, a eludir las distorsiones del sistema económico, a instrumentar políticas públicas a pedacitos para llegar a acuerdos que tan sólo perpetúan el statu quo.

Y con esto termino. Mientras allá afuera la realidad acecha a golpes de 327 mil despedidos, crecimiento negativo, el lugar 60 de 134 en el Índice Global de Competitividad y una nación que dice reformarse mientras evita hacerlo.

México no crece por la forma en la cual se usa y se ejerce y se comparte el poder, ni más ni menos, por las reglas discrecionales y politizadas que rigen al capitalismo de cuates, por la supervivencia de las estructuras corporativas que el gobierno creó y sigue financiando, por un modelo económico que canaliza las rentas del petróleo a demasiadas clientelas, por un sistema político que funciona muy bien para sus partidos, pero muy mal para sus ciudadanos.

Un sistema de extracción sin representación, creando así un país poblado por personas obligadas a diluir la esperanza, a encoger las expectativas, a cruzar la frontera al ritmo de 400 mil personas al año en busca de la movilidad social que no encuentran en su propio país, obligados a vivir con la palma extendida, esperando la próxima dádiva del próximo político, obligados a marchar en las calles, porque piensan que nadie en el gobierno los escucha, a desconfiar de las instituciones, a presenciar la muerte común de los sueños, porque México avanza a la velocidad que podría y debería, que podría y debería.

Muchas gracias.
El moderador Rolando Cordera Campos: Gracias, doctora Dresser.

jueves, 29 de enero de 2009

Blagojevich Ousted by Illinois State Senate

Published: January 29, 2009
NYTimes.com

SPRINGFIELD, Ill. — The Illinois State Senate on Thursday convicted Gov. Rod R. Blagojevich on a sprawling article of impeachment that charged him with abusing his power. The vote prompted the governor’s immediate and permanent ouster, and ended nearly two months of political spectacle in which he sought unsuccessfully to salvage his reputation and career here and across the country.

The senators also voted to permanently bar him from seeking public office in Illinois.

Mr. Blagojevich, a two-term Democrat who rose from the ranks of Chicago ward politics on the strength of his charisma and family connections, is the first governor in the state’s history to be impeached. The senators voted 59 to zero in favor of removing him after a four-day trial; a dramatic, 45-minute speech by Mr. Blagojevich in which he declared his innocence; and about two hours of deliberation.

According to state law, Pat Quinn, the lieutenant governor, assumed chief executive power upon the vote and was expected to take the oath of office for ceremonial purposes before the end of the day.

Mr. Blagojevich still faces federal criminal charges in a wide-ranging corruption case that, among other things, accuses him of trying to sell President Obama’s former United States Senate seat to the highest bidder.

Impeachment proceedings against Mr. Blagojevich erupted in the days after Dec. 9, when Mr. Blagojevich was arrested in the federal case. An Illinois House committee met for seven days before recommending that he be impeached on accusations that he tried to sell the president’s former Senate seat, traded state contracts for campaign contributions and expanded a state health care program without legal legislative authority.

Mr. Blagojevich is the first governor nationally to be removed since 1988, when Arizona lawmakers removed Gov. Evan Mecham from office.

The vote to convict Mr. Blagojevich capped a trial that took a dramatic turn on Thursday morning when he arrived here in the capitol to deliver an impassioned closing argument to the senators. The city was captivated — as were people all across the state — as Mr. Blagojevich pleaded his innocence in blunt, unsparing terms.

"You haven’t proved a crime and you can’t because it hasn’t happened," he told the legislators, in his first appearance at his own trial. "How can you throw a governor out of office with incomplete or insufficient evidence?"

In his remarks, Mr. Blagojevich asked the senators to put themselves in his shoes, and cast himself as a hard-working pragmatist who did whatever it took to help the people of his state — even when that sometimes meant skirting legislators and their rules. He flatly denied any criminal wrongdoing, excoriating the process that led him to the low point of essentially begging to keep his job. And he picked apart the article of impeachment, straining at times to present his point of view in sympathetic terms.

"I’m appealing to your sense of fairness," he said, adding later, "I did a lot of things that were mostly right."

He ended his remarks with a general apology for the frenzy that has enveloped the state as a result of his case and told legislators, let’s “continue to do good things for the people.”

In an interview after his statement, Senator Christine Radogno, the Republican leader of the Senate, said she was not persuaded. “I’m immune to his speech giving," she said. "We’ve seen those tricks before.”

“He gives a good speech,” she added. “He’s a performer. He’s very good at that. Perhaps he can get a job in the arts."

After Mr. Blagojevich appeared, the lawmakers took a recess to allow Democrats and Republicans to meet in separate groups. When they returned, David Ellis, the House prosecutor, rebutted Mr. Blagojevich’s statement, criticizing him for not speaking under oath or taking questions.

"He simply says there’s no evidence and walks off the stage," Mr. Ellis said.

"He says, ‘walk a mile in his shoes,’ " he continued. "Well, if I were innocent and I were in his shoes, I would have taken that witness stand and I would have testified and I would have told you why I was innocent. The governor didn’t do that."

Earlier this morning, spectators had packed the Senate gallery in anticipation of possibly seeing, for the first time in the state’s history, the removal from office of a sitting governor. A line of people stretched down the corridor, waiting to get in.

Mr. Blagojevich’s announcement on Wednesday that he wanted to address the Senate on Thursday came about an hour before the prosecution rested its case, and brought negative reactions from lawmakers. Many had previously lamented his absence from the proceedings and had repeatedly requested he testify.

“It’s somewhat cowardly that he won’t take questions,” said Senator Dan Cronin, a Republican, on Wednesday. “If he had something to say, he should have come down here like a man and faced the music.”

During a publicity tour this week, Mr. Blagojevich repeatedly professed his innocence, calling the impeachment trial unfair, and complaining bitterly that many of the statements attributed to him on recordings of his telephone conversations, made by federal agents in the corruption case, had been taken out of context.

Senators here denounced the publicity campaign. Earlier on Wednesday, the Senate president, John Cullerton, a Democrat, challenged Mr. Blagojevich to appear in Springfield. “If he wants to come down here, instead of hiding out in New York and having Larry King asking questions instead of the senators — I think he’s making a mistake.”

.

Monica Davey contributed reporting.

Pakistan: a New Cambodia?

The Drone War
counterpunch.com
By M. REZA PIRBAHI


Twenty-two people – 8 to 10 alleged Al-Qaeda and Taliban members, the rest civilians, including children - were killed on January 23, 2009, when Predator drones operated by the US Central Intelligence Agency fired missiles at houses in Pakistan’s ‘Federally Administered Tribal Areas.’ About 30 such missile attacks are on record since the summer of 2008, invariably directed at homes and schools in populated centers, rather than hide outs and bases in the wild. As a result, the total verifiable ratio of civilian to alleged combatant deaths to civilian deaths is approximately 1 in 4. As for the identities of the alleged combatants killed, both Pakistani and US media outlets have reported that, according to official US sources, ‘there were no immediate signs that the strikes had killed any senior Qaeda leaders.’
Only two differences between the latest attack and those conducted earlier can be noted: 1) this was the first incident under the presidency of Barack Obama, rather than George W. Bush; and, 2) this was the first occasion on which the US government publicly acknowledged the policy of missile strikes on the territory of its ‘ally,’ Pakistan. As Bush’s former and Obama’s current Defense Secretary, Robert Gates, recently reported to the Senate Armed Services Committee, ‘both President Bush and President Obama have made clear that we will go after Al Qaeda wherever Al Qaeda is and we will continue to pursue them,’ adding that the Government of Pakistan had been duly apprised.

The illegality of such missile strikes is beyond doubt, if civilian life is still considered inviolable according to international law, but its efficacy as part of the US’ and NATO’s military strategy in the ‘War on Terror’ remains a matter of debate. From the perspective of the Obama administration, not surprisingly like that of its predecessor given Gates’ reappointment, the growing Afghan insurgency and the Pakistan military’s inability or unwillingness to curb the flow of ‘terrorists’ from Pakistan into Afghanistan, requires the US to take matters into its own hands. In other words, the US contends that Pakistan is ‘not doing enough.’ Of course, the Government of Pakistan’s perspective differs. Following the latest round of missile attacks, Pakistani officials argued, much as they have since the summer of 2008, that these actions were violations of Pakistani sovereignty and catalysts for growing resentment towards the Pakistan government and the US among the Pakistani population. And what is the Government of Pakistan going to do about the missiles strikes? In the words of Pakistan’s ambassador in Washington, Husain Haqqani, Islamabad “hopes President Obama will be more patient [than Bush] while dealing with Pakistan.”

In the face of mounting violations of Pakistani sovereignty and civilian casualties, the response of the Government of Pakistan is tantamount to an invitation for more missile strikes and, perhaps, even ground incursions, as occurred in the summer of 2008. At no point has an objection been raised at the United Nations, nor have independent human rights organizations been invited to take up the cause. No public call has been heard for the cancellation of US and NATO forces’ ‘lease’ of at least 3 Pakistani military bases since hostilities in Afghanistan began. No threat to halt the use of Pakistani airspace and land routes for the supply of US and NATO forces in Afghanistan has been issued. No limit on the cooperation of Pakistani intelligence agencies or their role in the extra-judicial detainment and extraordinary rendition or extradition of Pakistani and non-Pakistani citizens suspected of ties to Al-Qaeda has come to light. And finally, no end to the deployment of tens of thousands of Pakistani troops in the border regions with Afghanistan since hostilities over the border began has been signaled, despite the loss of more than 1,000 Pakistani soldiers, the destruction of numerous villages, displacement of more than 300,000 residents and the deaths of uncounted numbers of civilians. In short, no aspect of the considerable ‘aid’ that successive governments in Pakistan have provided US and NATO forces has been employed to curb US and NATO accusations of ‘not doing enough,’ let alone ending missile strikes. It is, therefore, quite clear that the remittance of $6 billion in mostly military assistance during the Bush era and the promise of more in non-military assistance under Obama, has purchased the Government of Pakistan’s ‘patience’ with regard to US and NATO unilateralism.

Of course, this is not the first occasion on which US administrations have bombed the territory of an ‘ally,’ resulting in mostly civilian deaths and suffering, with the government of the latter remaining virtually silent, if not complicit. The most pertinent example is the campaign against Cambodia during the Vietnam War. That war, having consumed the Democratic Party presidency of Lyndon Johnson, brought to power the Republican Party under Richard Nixon on the promise of change in war policy. Within months of assuming office in 1969, Nixon approved the ‘secret’ bombing of North Vietnamese and National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) ‘sanctuaries’ on Cambodian soil. A year later, ground assaults against the same targets were publicly announced. Meanwhile, the fact that the Government of Cambodia, ruled by Prime Minister (and future President) Lon Nol, was officially neutral when bombing began and pro-US/anti-communist once Nol declared himself President after a coup in 1972, does not appear to have entered into the equation. Nor was it apparently considered to give time to Cambodian government efforts to combat the North Vietnamese, Viet Cong and the local Khmer Rouge presence within Cambodia with the direct military assistance the Nixon administration began funding in 1970. Yet, no pertinent objections to the bombings and ground incursions issued from the Government of Cambodia. The efficacy of the campaign is still debated, but there is little doubt that it resulted in the displacement of approximately two million and the deaths of uncounted numbers of Cambodian civilians.
The uncanny similarities between the circumstances of the bombing of Cambodia and that of Pakistan (excepting such apparently inconsequential details as the switch from Republican to Democratic leadership in the more recent case), should raise alarms among any current policy-makers and observers aware of the aftermath of the Cambodian debacle. Most Cambodia specialists agree that Nixon’s Cambodia policy drove large numbers of peasants into the arms of the Khmer Rouge, just as Pakistan observers and officials argue the US air assaults and threats of ground incursions, coupled with the Pakistan military’s use of force in the border regions with Afghanistan, is whipping up anti-government and anti-US/NATO sentiment among common Pakistanis.

Furthermore, as David P. Chandler – a former US Foreign Service officer in Phnom Penh and one of the foremost historians of Cambodia - suggests, Nixon’s policy provided all the psychological and social scars necessary to fuel a violent and vengeful revolution, culminating in Pol Pot’s infamous ‘killing fields.’ That the Taliban movement in general already represents much the same, needs little reaffirmation after the example of the Afghani Taliban’s rule, but one example from Pakistan is worth bringing to light. In the still picturesque, but no longer peaceful mountain valley of Swat (North West Frontier Province), the local chapter of the Pakistani Taliban has fought the military to a stand still and begun pushing its ‘revolutionary’ agenda in the areas it controls. Hundred of girls’ schools have been destroyed and families ordered not to send their daughters to those that remain. As many police officers and government supporters have been beheaded or shot. Shops selling movies and music, cable TV subscribers and anyone shaving their beards, singing or dancing have been ordered to desist under threat of death, although all such decrees are affronts to the Islamic tradition in whose name this group is acting. Thus, it is exceedingly significant that this group’s ultimate goal is to violently impose such measures on all Pakistan, and that all sources confirm that in the last year their insurgency has grown from strength to strength, reaching beyond the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and the North-West Frontier Province into the country’s major urban centers, bringing bombings and assassinations that have cost the lives of hundreds more Pakistani civilians.

For a president brought to power on the promise of change, it is disconcerting, to say the least, that Obama has not only signaled the continuation of Bush’s policies toward Pakistan with the latest missile strikes, but is pursuing a broader military strategy that dates back at least as far as Nixon’s bombardment of his ‘ally,’ Cambodia. The irony is that as successive Pakistani governments have abdicated their responsibility to protect the lives and property of their citizens, the only hope for change lies with the US. Most indications suggest that this is a hope against hope, but the fact remains that unless Obama reformulates his policies in the light of the lessons of history, ‘staying the course’ will most likely not meet US/NATO objectives to stabilize Afghanistan, let alone convince Pakistani Muslims that ‘America is not their enemy.’ The current course is particularly shortsighted, given that alternatives to actions that sacrifice the lives of Pakistani civilians are available for consideration.

The promise of increased non-military aid is encouraging, but remains fraught with the very real possibility that Pakistan’s ruling military and civilian classes will divert funds into their own coffers before they can reach the Pakistani people for whom they are intended. Thus, financial aid must be accompanied by the strengthening of institutions that more directly and immediately empower the Pakistani people. One possibility is the attachment of funds to guarantees that President Asif Ali Zardari do away with constitutional amendments instituted by his predecessor, General Musharraf, that make a mockery of the democratic process in Pakistan by endowing the President with the authority to dissolve the National Assembly. Another option is the reappointment of Supreme Court justices summarily dismissed by Musharraf when they showed signs of pursuing judicial autonomy. Pressing Zardari to make such changes would not only show US support for extremely popular causes in Pakistan, they would hold Zardari to promises that he himself made when his political party was running for office. As civil society would be reinforced in process, Pakistan’s endemically corrupt political culture would also be dealt a resounding blow, allowing more financial aid to reach the people. Zardari may not survive such policies, but a more democratic Pakistani state would be the reward.

There are also international issues of concern to the Pakistani people that would greatly enhance the US’ standing if the Obama administration plays an impartial role. The announcement of ‘Gitmo’s’ closure, a timetable of sorts for withdrawal from Iraq and the appointment of special envoys for South Asia and the Middle East are encouraging steps, only if the US roundly condemns and acts against human rights violations committed by all sides, including itself. Also, the governments of India, Afghanistan and Israel must be persuaded to make concessions that none have been willing (or allowed) to make thus far; i.e., peace processes that involve and work to accommodate all parties in the Indo-Pakistani, Afghan and Arab-Israeli conflicts. That means the inclusion of Kashmiri separatists in the first case, the Taliban in the second, and Hamas, Hezbullah and Syria in the last. Regarding South Asia in particular, another contentious issue that US diplomacy can work to quiet, is the refusal by all governments in Afghanistan since 1949, to publicly accept the current boundary between it and Pakistan (i.e., the ‘Durand Line’) as a permanent border. An open and sincere attempt to address such issues, let alone their resolution, would provide incentives for the Pakistani people to cooperate with the US, while also pulling the rug of righteous indignation from under such groups as Al-Qaida and Taliban, far more effectively than killing Pakistani civilians with Predator drones.

Of course, this article is not the first to make such suggestions, and there is some evidence that similar initiatives are on the table in Washington. Droves of opponents, however, are by no means exiled from town since Obama’s inauguration and, judging by his administration’s absolute silence on Israeli actions termed ‘war crimes’ by Amnesty International, as well as the early resort to missile strikes on Pakistani villages, opposition to change is still not without influence in the White House. By beginning his term in office by first ignoring Israeli violations of human rights, then endorsing deadly missile strikes on Pakistan, rather than reaching out with a more conciliatory hand in actions, not merely words, not only lessens the impact of closing Gitmo and moving to withdraw from Iraq, but shoots down the support and trust of the Pakistani people necessary for more far-reaching and efficacious US policy in South Asia before it gets off the ground. Thus, the only possible outcome of continuing the bombardment of Pakistani territory in an environment that already condones the killing of Muslim civilians in other areas, is the rise of anti-Americanism to dangerously new heights, and the further positioning of the already suffering people of Pakistan to endure a future as horrific as that which the people of Cambodia faced some thirty years ago.

M. Reza Pirbhai is an Assistant Professor of South Asian History at Louisiana State University. He can be reached at: rpirbhai@lsu.edu

miércoles, 28 de enero de 2009

The Clinton Foundation Donors

The Least They Could Do
By ROB LARSON
comondreams.com

When president-elect Obama nominated Hillary Clinton for State Secretary, the Clintons agreed to release the donor lists of the Clinton Foundation, the global charity created by the former President. The Clintons agreed to air their laundry in a deal with the new Obama Administration. The donor list is extremely revealing, and not only for being “a who’s who of some of the world’s wealthiest people,” as the Wall Street Journal called it. The list also shows that the Foundation is funded by the people, governments, and companies that help create the problems that the charity seeks to address.

Take development. The Foundation has as a priority of charitable giving and economic development, and recently began an initiative to encourage philanthropy in the Mideast and Africa. But one of the Foundation’s biggest donors, giving in excess of ten million dollars, is the Monarchy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In addition to the Kingdom itself, rich Saudis and the group Friends of Saudi Arabia gave several million more. The Royal Family of Saudi Arabia is reaching out to the struggling masses of the middle east.

But with a blindfold. BusinessWeek recently reported that “Saudi censorship is considered among the most restrictive in the world…the country blocks broad swaths of the Internet, from pornographic Web sites to calls for the overthrow of the government.” And Saudi subjects may have reason to throw out their Royal Family, such as the 2007 ruling by the Justice Ministry that sentenced a gang-rape victim to 200 lashes and six months in prison. The woman had been in a car with an unrelated man prior to the rape, and had appealed her original 90-lash sentence, leading the court to increase it and add a jail term “because of her attempt to aggravate and influence the judiciary through the media.”

But conditions can’t be that bad—King Fahd finally approved a Saudi human rights “watchdog,” but with members chosen only by the government, after having withheld approval for a citizen group to organize one. The business media describe the chance that the rights group would “openly embarrass” the Monarchy as “unlikely.”

So the Royal Family relaxes by plowing a few ten million bucks from its oil fortune into the Clinton Foundation, which accepts it in part to fund programs for the Monarchy’s own impoverished subjects. If the Royal Family really felt generous they could give their subjects the vote.

Or consider Lakshmi Mittal, the Indian steel magnate whose global conglomerate Arcelor-Mittal produces 10 per cent of the world’s steel output. Mittal built his industrial empire buying old plants and government sell-offs, with the view that becoming large and powerful was the key to “heavyweight profits.” The Lakshmi business plan was to grow “big enough to negotiate on an equal footing with suppliers of iron ore and coal and with customers such as automakers…In the long run Lakshmi’s vision is an industry dominated by a handful of powerful companies, strong enough to cut output rather than prices in a downturn.”

This is what economists call an “oligopoly,” and it doesn’t have much to do with the major Clinton Foundation goal of expanding economic opportunity. Once companies become large, they gain advantages against competitors, as Mittal describes: “as we are becoming more global…we are able to reduce our costs on a global basis. Like purchasing… [we] aggregate our demand. We are able to have stronger muscle power to negotiate with our suppliers.”

The scale of Mittal’s steel empire stacks the deck against smaller competitors and undermines a Clinton Foundation goal. But a nice seven-digit check to Clinton’s global charity levels the playing field enough to sleep at night. The Open Hand giveth, and the Invisible Hand taketh away.
Or take AIDS, often seen to be the Foundation’s core issue. The Foundation recently negotiated heavy price reductions for certain AIDS drugs sold in the developing world, and has come to partially support moves by Brazil and Thailand to break the patents on AIDS therapy drugs held by U.S. companies. This new policy has been pushed for by AIDS activists and groups like Doctors Without Borders, who have seen thousands of lives improved by cheap generics that violate patent rights. But only recently has the hand of the Foundation been forced by Brazil’s and Thailand’s patent-breaking, which is seen even by conservative observers like the Economist as successful in fighting the disease.

The business press describes the position of the most prominent AIDS activist in South Africa, Zackie Achmat: “Like many activists, he believes drug companies have been goaded into their recent donations…only by terrible publicity,” and that “contrary to what the industry said, patents were indeed an obstacle to affordable medicines.” Elsewhere, the Financial Times describes the pharmaceutical industry’s limited giveaways or price reductions of AIDS drugs as “part of public relations efforts by western companies to deal with an onslaught over the prices they charge for their drugs.”

So while the Clinton Foundation has gradually come to support production of some far-cheaper generics in the developing world, it took public and activist pressure, plus the growing independence of developing countries like Brazil, to bring them and the drug companies around. And some of the medicine can even be paid for with the hundreds of thousands of dollars donated to the Foundation by AIDS drug patent-mongers Pfizer and Ranbaxy, paying for a few generics to fight the disease they helped to spread.

While the Foundation’s work is clearly invaluable to the people and desperate communities it serves, the point is that its money comes directly from parties contributing heavily to the problems it’s fighting, from the brutal Saudi tyrants paying to encourage human development, to the global steel tycoon kicking in for classes on entrepreneurship, to the drug patent-owners grudgingly contributing to production of the generic drugs they fight against.

The Foundation would probably defend itself by saying that its median gift amount is just $45, from its thousands of small-scale donors, who are admirable, well-meaning people. But that doesn’t get you to the $492 million total the Foundation manages. That comes from Clinton’s big-ticket donors, which also include Victor Pinchuk, the Ukrainian steel “oligarch” who built his empire from the Soviet Union’s asset sell-off, and Blackwater, the U.S. mercenary company under legal sanction for its killings in Iraq. Blood money still spends.

In a world of tyrannical regimes, powerful global corporations, and spreading disease among the poor, you can count on more ego-stroking from the guilty parties that keep the lights on at Big Charity.

Rob Larson is charitably donating free crutches to everyone he runs over. He’s Assistant Professor of Economics at Ivy Tech Community College in Bloomington, Indiana, and can be reached at rlarson2@ivytech.edu
BusinessWeek, Internet Censorship, Saudi Style, November 13, 2008.

Bolivia Looking Forward

New Constitution Passed, Celebrations Hit the Streets
January 27, 2009
By BENJAMIN DANGL

counterpunch.com


After Bolivia's new constitution was passed in a national referendum on Sunday, thousands gathered in La Paz to celebrate. Standing on the balcony of the presidential palace, President Evo Morales addressed a raucous crowd: "Here begins a new Bolivia. Here we begin to reach true equality."

Polls conducted by Televisión Boliviana announced that the document passed with 61.97% support from some 3.8 million voters. According the poll, 36.52% of voters voted against the constitution, and 1.51% cast blank and null votes. The departments where the constitution passed included La Paz, Cochabamba, Oruro, Potosí, Tarija, and Pando. It was rejected in Santa Cruz, Beni, and Chuquisaca.

The constitution, which was written in a constituent assembly that first convened in August of 2006, grants unprecedented rights to Bolivia's indigenous majority, establishes broader access to basic services, education and healthcare and expands the role of the state in the management of natural resources and the economy.

When the news spread throughout La Paz that the constitution had been passed in the referendum, fireworks, cheers and horns sounded off sporadically. By 8:30, thousands had already gathered in the Plaza Murillo. The crowd cheered "Evo! Evo! Evo!" until Morales, Vice President Alvaro Garcia Linera and other leading figures in the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) government, crowded out onto the balcony of the presidential palace.

"I would like to take this opportunity to recognize all of the brothers and sisters of Bolivia, all of the compañeros and compañeras, all of the citizens that through their vote, through their democratic participation, decide to refound Bolivia," Morales said. "From 2005 to 2009 we have gone from triumph to triumph, while the neoliberals, the traitors have been constantly broken down thanks to the consciousness of the Bolivian people."

He shook his fist in the air, the applause died down. "And I want you to know something, the colonial state ends here. Internal colonialism and external colonialism ends here. Sisters and brothers, neoliberalism ends here too."
At various points in the speech Morales, and others on the balcony, held up copies of the new constitution. Morales continued, "And now, thanks to the consciousness of the Bolivian people, the natural resources are recuperated for life, and no government, no new president can…give our natural resources away to transnational companies."
A Weakened Right

Though news reports and analysts have suggested that the passage of the new constitution will exacerbate divisions in the country, some of the political tension may be directed into the electoral realm as general elections are now scheduled to take place in December of this year. In addition, the constitution's passage is another sign of the weakness of the Bolivian right, and their lack of a clear political agenda and mandate to confront the MAS's popularity. The recent passage of the constitution is likely to divide and further debilitate the right.

Even Manfred Reyes Villa, an opponent of Morales and ex-governor of Cochabamba, told Joshua Partlow of the Washington Post that, "Today, there is not a serious opposition in the country." When the right-wing led violence in the department of Pando in September of 2008 left some 20 people dead and many others wounded, the right lost much of its legitimacy and support. "With Pando, the regional opposition just collapsed," George Gray Molina, an ex-United Nations official in Bolivia, and a current research fellow at Oxford University, told Partlow. "I think they lost authority and legitimacy even among their own grass roots."
Celebrations

Fireworks shot off at the end of Morales' speech in the Plaza Murillo, sending pigeons flying scared. Live folk music played on stage as the crowd danced and the TV crews packed up and left. The wind blew around giant balloon figures of hands the color of the Bolivian flag holding the new constitution.

As the night wore on, more people began dancing to the bands in the street than to those on the stage. At midnight, when the police asked the thousands gathered to leave the plaza, the crowd took off marching down the street, taking the fiesta to central La Paz, cheering nearly every Latin American revolutionary cheer, pounding drums and sharing beer. After marching down a number of blocks on the empty streets, the crowd hunkered down for a street party at the base of a statue of the Latin American liberator, Simón Bolívar. The celebration, which included Bolivians, Argentines, Brazilians, French, British, North Americans and more, went on into the early hours of the morning.

Oscar Rocababo, a Bolivian sociologist working on his Master's degree in La Paz, was elated about the victory in the referendum. "The passage of this constitution is like the cherry on top of the ice cream, the culmination of many years of struggle."

Benjamin Dangl is the author of "The Price of Fire: Resource Wars and Social Movements in Bolivia," (AK Press). He is an editor at UpsideDownWorld.org, a website on activism and politics in Latin America, and TowardFreedom.com, a progressive perspective on world events. Email bendangl(at)gmail.com

Geithner Received $434,668 Severance Package From NY Federal Reserve Bank

MARTIN CRUTSINGER January 27, 2009 05:48 PM EST huffingtonpost.com


WASHINGTON — Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner is no Hank Paulson when it comes to his personal finances.
Geithner's financial disclosure filing released Tuesday showed he has assets valued at between $740,000 and $1.7 million. His biggest asset is partial ownership of vacation property on Cape Cod in Massachusetts valued between $250,000 and $500,000.
Former Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson, a 32-year veteran of investment firm Goldman Sachs, had an estimated net worth of more than $700 million when he joined the Bush administration in 2006.
To obey conflict of interest rules, Paulson agreed to sell over 3.2 million shares of stock in Goldman Sachs that were valued at more than $480 million in the summer of 2006.
Geithner was confirmed by the Senate on Monday by a 60-34 vote with those opposing the nomination expressing unhappiness with Geithner's explanation of why he had failed initially to pay $34,023 in self-employment taxes earlier in the decade when he worked for the
International Monetary Fund.
The new disclosure filing showed that Geithner earned $411,200 in wages last year in his former job as president of the
New York Federal Reserve Bank. He also received a severance payment from the bank totaling $434,668.
Fed officials explained that the money listed on the disclosure form as a severance payment was the value of the supplemental retirement fund which the regional Fed banks provide to their presidents and first vice presidents. Since Geithner was going to another job and not retiring, he had the option of cashing out the current value of the fund and taking it as a lump sum payment.
Most of Geithner's investments were in various kinds of mutual funds with the size of the holdings ranging from $1,000 to $100,000.
The government's financial disclosure forms only require that assets be revealed in broad ranges.

sábado, 24 de enero de 2009

Greek police battle with rioters

Hundreds of anarchist protesters in Greece have fought running battles with police through the centre of the capital, Athens.
Saturday, 24 January 2009
bbc.co.uk


The demonstrators were demanding the release of people arrested during rioting last month after a policeman shot dead a youth aged 15.

Rioters smashed shop windows and threw stones and petrol bombs, police say.

Officers responded with baton charges, tear gas and pepper spray and eventually dispersed the crowd.

Compared to the riots that swept Greece last month, Saturday's violence was on a relatively small scale but it showed that anger against the state and the police are still simmering, the BBC's Malcolm Brabant reports from Athens.

The street fighters and anarchists are trying hard to keep alive what they regard as December's insurrection and demonstrations covering a wide range of grievances are taking place on a daily basis, our correspondent says.

But the nature of the clashes may soon change, he adds.

The futility of firing tear gas at rioters who wear gas masks has dawned on the authorities and it is reported that Greece is taking delivery of water cannon, which should be ready for action within a fortnight, our correspondent reports.

domingo, 18 de enero de 2009

PREINAGURAL CONCERT II







PREINAGURAL CONCERT

sábado, 17 de enero de 2009

Israel declares unilateral cease-fire in Gaza

cnn.com
JERUSALEM (CNN)
-- Israel has declared a unilateral cease-fire in the fighting in Gaza beginning at 2 a.m. Sunday (7 p.m. ET Saturday), Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said.

"We can say that the conditions have been brought about that enable us to say that the aims that we laid down for the operation have been completely achieved, if not more than that, " Olmert said. "Hamas has been dealt a very serious blow."

But Olmert said Israel is prepared to respond if Hamas militants continue fighting in the Palestinian territory.

"If foes decide to continue to fight against us, then we will be ready and we shall consider ourselves justified in replying," he said. "If Hamas still is not able to correctly evaluate the blow that has been inflicted on it, if it continues to attack us, it will be surprised at Israel's determination.

"I do not suggest that Hamas or other terrorist organizations try us."

"Hamas' military machine has been substantially destroyed," the official added. "They have been given a sufficient deterrence that they will think twice before attacking again."

The announcement followed a Cabinet meeting meant to vote on the basics of a plan that could end the fighting in Gaza. It also came a day after Israeli and U.S. diplomats signed an agreement designed to stop arms smuggling into the Palestinian territory through tunnels.

Israel launched an offensive in Gaza just over three weeks ago, with the stated intent of stopping rockets from being fired from the territory into southern Israel by Hamas fighters.



The expected cease-fire announcement comes amid mounting international pressure to end the fighting.

In a televised speech Saturday, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak called on Israel to end military operations and withdraw from Gaza. He dismissed the idea of an international force based in Egypt, saying he would "never accept" a foreign presence on Egyptian soil.

U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon also reiterated his call for a cease-fire during a speech before the Lebanese parliament Saturday.

"The level of violence in Gaza is unprecedented," the U.N. chief said. "The Israeli aerial and land offensives against Hamas targets are inflicting heavy civilian casualties, widespread destruction and tremendous suffering for the entire region." Video Watch opinions from the iReport community »

The three-week conflict has killed 1,203 people in Gaza and injured more than 5,000 more, many of them Palestinian civilians, according to medical sources in Gaza City. They said 410 children have died.

On the Israeli side, 10 soldiers and three civilians have been killed and more than 200 soldiers have been wounded since the fighting began, an Israel Defense Forces spokesman said Saturday.

Fighting continued as the IDF attacked 50 targets between Friday night and Saturday morning, including eight missile-launching sites and 70 tunnels along the Egyptian border. The IDF says the tunnels were being used by Hamas to smuggle weapons into Gaza.

Two children were killed in an Israeli artillery attack at a U.N. school north of Gaza City early Saturday.

"This yet again illustrates that there is no place safe in the Gaza Strip," said Chris Gunness, a U.N. spokesman, speaking of the attack. "This fighting has to stop, because innocent people, women and children, who are taking refuge in neutral U.N. buildings are discovering that there is nowhere safe." Video Watch a report on aid shortages to Gaza »

Four IDF soldiers were seriously wounded early Saturday by mortar fire in Gaza, according to an IDF statement.

Hamas has said a cease-fire alone is not enough.

"We are working in every direction so we can achieve our objectives in stopping the aggression, lifting the blockade, opening the crossings, and the compensation of our people and the rebuilding of the Gaza strip," said Hamas delegation spokesman Salah Bardwill.

Israeli Defense Ministry official Amos Gilad remained in Cairo on Friday, discussing the cease-fire plan. A Hamas delegation was also in the Egyptian capital, talking with leaders trying to hammer out a temporary truce.

In other diplomatic efforts, the state of Qatar held an emergency summit Friday in an attempt to find a unified Arab voice on Gaza. The meeting brought together several Arab and Muslim leaders, including the presidents of Iran and Syria and the leader of Hamas, Khaled Meshaal.

Friday evening, the U.N. General Assembly voted 142-4 to call on Israel to abide by a January 8 resolution by the U.N. Security Council.

The resolution, which called for an immediate cease-fire by both sides in the conflict, had been universally ignored.

Israel and the United States were among the countries voting against Friday's effort

CNN's Ben Wedeman, Paula Hancocks, Elise Labott, Caroline Faraj, Mohammed Jamjoom and Arie Bell contributed to this report.

Israel declares ceasefire in Gaza

Israeli is to halt offensive military activities in the Gaza Strip three weeks after beginning operations there, Prime Minister Ehud Olmert has said.

news.bbc.co.uk

Saturday, 17 January 2009

Mr Olmert said a unilateral Israeli ceasefire would take effect from 0200 (2400 GMT).

Earlier, a Hamas spokesman said it would fight until its demands were met, including an Israeli withdrawal.

Nearly 1,200 Palestinians have been killed since the violence began on 27 December. Thirteen Israelis have died.

viernes, 16 de enero de 2009

Citigroup splits into two as it loses $8.3bn

By Alan Rappeport in New York

Published: January 16 2009 12:38 | Last updated: January 16 2009 15:50

Financial Times

Citigroup confirmed on Friday that it would split into two businesses after reporting a fourth-quarter loss of $8.29bn, or $1.72 a share.

The results were within the range of the $6bn-$10bn loss that analysts were expecting and compared with a loss of $9.8bn, or $1.99 a share, during the same period a year earlier. It was the bank’s fifth consecutive quarterly loss. Citi lost $18.72bn, or $3.88 a share, in 2008.

”Our results continued to be depressed by an unprecedented dislocation in capital markets and a weak economy,” Vikram Pandit, Citi’s chief executive, said in a statement.

Citi shares rose by 4.44 per cent to $4 in mid-morning trading.

The reorganisation will divide Citi into Citicorp and Citi Holdings. Citicorp will be a global “universal bank” while Citi Holdings will concentrate on the brokerage business and asset management.

”Given the economic and market environment, we have decided to accelerate the implementation of our strategy to focus on our core businesses,” Mr Pandit said.

The Citi board of directors will also see changes. Richard Parsons, the lead director, said on Friday that there had already been one departure and more were anticipated. Last week Robert Rubin, a former US Treasury secretary, announced his resignation as a director of Citi, ending a controversial decade on its board.

Citi’s results included the sale of its German retail banking operations for $3.9bn.

Fourth-quarter revenues were down by $5.6bn, or 13 per cent. Revenues for its global credit card business dropped 27 per cent, while consumer banking revenues were off by 22 per cent.

Earlier this week, Citi and Morgan Stanley announced a plan to slash $1.1bn in costs from the combination of their respective brokerages in a joint venture that will boast the largest army of financial advisers in the US.

The move enables Citi to raise much-needed capital while allowing Morgan Stanley to boost its exposure to retail clients at a time when its traditional investment banking and trading business have been hit by the financial crisis.

Morgan Stanley, which recently received a $10bn capital injection from the US government, will pay Citi $2.7bn in cash for 51 per cent of the venture and the right to buy more within three years, because Citi’s Smith Barney is the larger of the two brokerage units.

Citi also recorded a $5.8bn after-tax gain because the deal values Smith Barney at more than its value on the company’s books. As a result, Citi’s tangible common equity – a yardstick of financial strength – increased by $6.5bn.

Shares of Citi closed more than 15 per cent lower on Thursday on fears that the US government would have to come to the rescue of the troubled financial group, less than two months after a $300bn bail-out.

Any further government intervention would bring Citi a step closer to nationalisation. The government already owns the rights to become Citi’s largest shareholder through warrants to buy a 7.8 per cent stake in the bank. Injecting more capital, in the form of common or preferred shares, would only increase state ownership and probably cause sharp losses for investors

The once-mighty company has a market value of just over $20bn – much less than smaller rivals by revenues, such as Goldman Sachs and US Bancorp.


Citigroup Reports Big Loss and a Breakup Plan

Published: January 16, 2009
NYTimes

Citigroup capped a devastating 2008 with an $8.29 billion fourth-quarter loss on Friday, as the banking company comes under mounting pressure from regulators to rethink its financial supermarket model and shrink itself.

With nearly every part of the company suffering a huge blow, Citigroup’s chief executive, Vikram S. Pandit, is putting in place a new strategy that will divide the banking company into two parts, Citicorp and Citi Holdings, to focus its executives’ attention on its stronger remaining businesses while winding down its money-losing operations.

Even so, Mr. Pandit has agreed to split off Smith Barney, its valuable retail brokerage arm, into a joint venture with Morgan Stanley to raise capital so that it could offset the fourth quarter’s huge losses.

“We believe there is a lot of value in having them focused,” Mr. Pandit said, referring to his plan to split up the company. “We are not in a rush to sell businesses.”

Citigroup’s loss, which amounts to $1.72 a share, compares with a loss of $9.8 billion, or $1.99 a share, in the period a year earlier. Analysts had estimated on average that Citigroup would break even on a per-share basis, according to a survey by Bloomberg News.

The company has reported a loss for five consecutive quarters, and Friday’s announcement of a staggering $25.2 billion in write-offs and losses in both its consumer and investment bank brought its total charges to $90 billion.

Citigroup shares have dropped by almost half in the last week, and they were down another 5 percent on Friday afternoon.

For the full year 2008, Citigroup reported a net loss of $18.72 billion. With unemployment rising and evidence of a global slump, the bank is bracing for another dismal year.

Gary L. Crittenden, Citigroup’s chief financial officer, said the bank was projecting job losses to peak in early 2010 and would probably have to set aside money to cover losses all year. He said that mortgage losses were approaching the peak levels of the recession in the early 1990s and that credit card losses had already surpassed them.

Still, Mr. Pandit said he believed that Citigroup’s big consumer business was “bending the curve on losses” and that the overall company would emerge from the current environment stronger and smarter.

Mr. Pandit held a noontime town hall meeting at Citigroup’s Park Avenue headquarters in Manhattan to discuss the strategy and bolster the spirits of demoralized employees.

Reports emerged early this week that Citigroup was accelerating moves to dismantle parts of its troubled financial empire. But some Wall Street analysts and investors questioned whether the plan, which included the announcement on Tuesday that it would split off its prized Smith Barney brokerage, goes far enough to address Citigroup’s immediate troubles.

The bank’s breakup plan comes after Citigroup received a stern regulatory warning in late November, when its rapidly deteriorating share price prompted the government to give it a second cash infusion, of $20 billion.

Citigroup’s first cash infusion from the government came in October in a $25 billion capital injection from the Troubled Asset Relief Program, or TARP. Eight other banks also received capital infusions to stabilize them as the global financial crisis deepened.

With its receipt of a second lifeline from the government in November, Citigroup began operating under what is known as open-bank assistance, which involves a loss-sharing arrangement devised by the F.D.I.C. and an investment by the Treasury typically reserved for deeply troubled institutions.

Since then, federal regulators have been leaning hard on Citigroup to shake up its board and shrink the sprawling company to address a credibility gap with its investors. On Friday, Citigroup also issued a statement from its lead director, Richard D. Parsons, the former Time Warner chairman and the bank’s current lead director, signaling that several of its directors would soon leave. Mr. Parsons is widely expected to become Citigroup’s next chairman.

Citigroup will legally remain in tact for now. But by segmenting Citigroup into Citicorp and Citi Holdings, run by separate managers, Mr. Pandit may be setting the stage for a spin-off of Citigroup’s stronger operations or an eventual merger. Meanwhile, reporting the two sets of businesses separately should burnish its quarterly results by making it easier for investors to focus on its healthier operations.

Still, Citigroup will still have to find buyers for the troubled businesses and assets it hopes to unload — a difficult task in this market environment. It also will have to finance its legacy assets, and some Citigroup insiders suggest that it may have to once again return to the government for assistance.

Splitting off Smith Barney appears to be the first step in a strategy that now includes whittling Citigroup’s financial supermarket into a new Citicorp operation, including its global investment and consumer banking franchises as well as its private bank. The goal is shrink the bank’s balance sheet to $1.1 trillion, or about half its peak size in 2007, and forge a new business catering to multinational and wealthy clients that resembles the old Citicorp that preceded Citigroup’s creation.

That will leave another group of noncore business that are expected to be sold or unwound over the next three years called Citi Holdings. Those parts include its consumer finance operations, its private-label credit card businesses, its Primerica insurance unit, and the $301 billion of illiquid assets, largely guaranteed by the government.

The bank also plans to shed its remaining proprietary trading and wind up its alternative investment division, and sell off its overseas brokerage and asset management units, which no longer fit with the bank’s plans. Citigroup managers overseeing the Citi Holdings properties will be paid based on how quickly they sell their assets and how much value they recover.

For Citigroup, the changes draw a somber curtain over the one-stop shop created in 1998 when the company’s architect and former chief, Sanford I. Weill, merged the insurance giant Travelers Group and Citicorp, then the nation’s largest bank. The deal brought traditional banking, insurance and Wall Street businesses, like stock underwriting, under one roof.

But the company came under repeated fire from shareholders for lackluster results; its stock price has fallen more than 76 percent since it was formed. And the fourth quarter was no different.

Citigroup posted $5.6 billion in revenue, down 13 percent from the comparable quarter a year earlier, reflecting the “difficult economic environment and weak capital markets.” All regions suffered. The bank also reported another long list of write-downs: $1.3 billion of complex mortgage investments, $1.1 billion on structured investment vehicles, $991 million on its commercial real estate positions, and $897 million tied to its monoline insurance exposure; and $87 million on auction-rate securities losses. In addition, Citigroup set aside another $14 billion to protect against rising consumer and corporate loan losses.

martes, 13 de enero de 2009

Rice shame-faced by Bush over UN Gaza vote: Olmert

Mon Jan 12, 4:59 pm ET

yahoo news


JERUSALEM (AFP) – US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice was left shame-faced after President George W. Bush ordered her to abstain in a key UN vote on the Gaza war, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said on Monday.
"She was left shamed. A resolution that she prepared and arranged, and in the end she did not vote in favour," Olmert said in a speech in the southern town of Ashkelon.
The UN Security Council passed a resolution last Thursday calling for an immediate ceasefire in the three-week-old conflict in the Gaza Strip and an Israeli withdrawal from Gaza where hundreds have been killed.
Fourteen of the council's 15 members voted in favour of the resolution, which was later rejected by both Israel and Hamas.
The United States, Israel's main ally, had initially been expected to voted in line with the other 14 but Rice later became the sole abstention.
"In the night between Thursday and Friday, when the secretary of state wanted to lead the vote on a ceasefire at the Security Council, we did not want her to vote in favour," Olmert said.
"I said 'get me President Bush on the phone'. They said he was in the middle of giving a speech in Philadelphia. I said I didn't care. 'I need to talk to him now'. He got off the podium and spoke to me.
"I told him the United States could not vote in favour. It cannot vote in favour of such a resolution. He immediately called the secretary of state and told her not to vote in favour."
Bush has consistently placed the blame for the conflict on Hamas, telling reporters on Monday that while he wanted to see a "sustainable ceasefire" in Gaza, it was up to Hamas to choose to end its rocket fire on Israel.
But a US State Department official, speaking on the condition of anonymity, denied Olmert's claim.
"Mr. Olmert is wrong," the official said.
Even if everything had gone according to plan, "she would have abstained. That was the plan," said the official. "The government of Israel does not make US policy."

martes, 6 de enero de 2009

UN chief demands Gaza ceasefire

news.bbc.co.uk

Wednesday, 7 January 2009

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon has called for an immediate end to fighting in the Gaza Strip during a meeting of the UN Security Council in New York.


The US and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas have backed a French-Egyptian ceasefire proposal.


Israel says it has agreed to set up a humanitarian corridor to allow aid into the Gaza Strip.
On the ground in Gaza, explosions were heard through the night. Israel says it carried out more than 30 air strikes.


Mr Ban criticised both Israel for its bombardment of Gaza and Hamas for firing rockets into Israel and urged Security Council members in New York to act "swiftly and decisively to put this crisis to an end".


"We need urgently to achieve Palestinian unity and the reunification of Gaza with the West Bank within the framework of the legitimate Palestinian Authority," he added.
More than 600 Palestinians are now believed to have been killed since Israel began its offensive 11 days ago. Palestinian health ministry officials say at least 195 children are among those killed.
An Israeli attack on Tuesday on a school building, which Israel says was sheltering militants, left at least 30 people dead and 55 injured, UN officials say.

Israel, which has vowed to reduce rocket attacks from Gaza on its territory, has lost seven soldiers on the ground. Four people within Israel have been killed by rockets.
In another development, Venezuela ordered the expulsion of Israel's ambassador in protest at the Gaza offensive and its "flagrant violations of international law".
Support for truce

The ceasefire plan proposed jointly by Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and French President Nicolas Sarkozy would bring together all the main parties and take all measures to end the conflict in Gaza.

The plan envisages the resumption of the delivery of aid to Gaza and talks with Israel on border security, a key issue for Israel as it says Hamas smuggles its rockets into Gaza via the Egyptian border.

Welcoming the proposal, US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called for a "ceasefire that can endure and that can bring real security".

The contours of a possible diplomatic agreement are in place, the BBC's Laura Trevelyan reports from the UN.

However, if Israel continues to control the flow of humanitarian aid into Gaza and can choose to stop it at any time this seems unlikely to command the support of Hamas, she notes.
Thus frenetic diplomacy in New York and in the Middle East is likely to continue.
Israel's ambassador to the UN, Gabriela Shalev, did not say whether Israel would accept the proposal but said it would take it "very, very seriously".

Israel has proposed suspending attacks in specified parts of Gaza to allow people to stock up on essential goods.

The military will open up "areas for limited periods of time, during which the population will be able to receive the aid", the office of Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert has said.
Andrew Whitley of the UN relief agency told the BBC that any relief in the conditions of the people of Gaza could only be a good thing:

"People have been weakened by 18 months of blockade and siege. They've been getting very little food, electricity or heat for a long time, and so they are in a very weakened condition."
School carnage

UN officials have said that the al-Fakhura school in the Jabaliya refugee camp was being used as a refuge for hundreds of people when it was hit by Israeli shell-fire.

The Israeli military said its soldiers had come under mortar fire from Hamas militants inside the school. A spokesman for Hamas denied there had been any hostile fire coming from the school.
In all, at least 70 Palestinians and five Israeli soldiers were killed on Tuesday.

Israel says its offensive is stopping militants firing rockets but at least five hit southern Israel on Tuesday, injuring a baby.

Casualty claims in Gaza cannot be independently verified. Israel is refusing to let international journalists into Gaza, despite a supreme court ruling to allow a limited number of reporters to enter the territory.

jueves, 1 de enero de 2009

What is Hamas, Really?

December 31, 2008 counterpunch.org By RON JACOBS

Since it became clear that the intention of Israel's latest military assault on Gaza is to destroy Hamas, various newspapers in the US have printed opinion pieces echoing the Washington line that it is Hamas' fault that Gaza is being pummeled by Israeli warplanes. Now, there may be some things one can blame Hamas for, but firing missiles at people and buildings in Gaza from Israeli warplanes is not one of them. It has been the desire of Tel Aviv and Washington to eradicate Hamas as a political force for a long time. The military Israeli assault currently going on is but the latest installment in fulfilling that desire.


Just prior to the assault there was a Israeli-enforced blockade on Gaza. This blockade prevented necessary goods from reaching the people living there. There was also an Israeli incursion in November that was the culmination of a series of border clashes between Israel and Palestinian gunmen. These clashes resulted in the deaths of at least 16 Palestinians. Of course, these occurrences were but a continuation of the low-intensity conflict between Hamas and Israel that in themselves are but a part of the conflict between Israel and Palestine that has continued since 1948. Hamas is but the most recent organization to represent the militant wing of the Palestinian resistance and, therefore be at the receiving end of Israel's most violent responses. At this point in history if Hamas did not resist, there would be no resistance to Tel Aviv's plans to render the Palestinians completely irrelevant in their own land. Most Palestinians understand this and are understandably angry at the current campaign in Gaza, no matter which political faction has their allegiance.


Despite the constant presence of Hamas in the news of the western world, most people reading that news know very little about the group. Back in 2006 journalist Khaled Hroub wrote a clear, concise and informative guide to Hamas. Simply titled Hamas: A Beginner's Guide the author utilizes a question and answer format to explain the politics and tactics of Hamas, their relationship to and with other Palestinian organizations, Israel and the rest of the world Hroub, a Palestinian supporter of a secular and independent Palestinian state, also examines the role of religion in Hamas' internal and external politics, as well as the group's opinion of democracy and theocracy.


The picture presented in these pages is certain to hold some surprises for its English readers. Having been fed anti-Palestinian propaganda for years, the Hamas described here is of a group that understands its religious desires are not what garnered it enough support to win the aforementioned elections. Although Hroub never denies that there are those in Hamas that would like to impose an Islamic state in a free Palestine, his text proves that this is but one element of the Hams organization. Indeed, the organization described in these pages is an organization that listens to its members and, even more importantly, listens to those it wants to represent -- the Palestinian people. Given this, Hamas proves to be a surprisingly democratic organization with a degree of political understanding rarely attributed to an Arab or Muslim organization. It is Hroub's contention that the results of the January 2005 election that gave Hamas a solid majority not only substantiates Hamas' claim that their positions on the essentially dead Oslo Agreements and the Israeli occupation of Palestine are the predominant positions of the Palestinian people, the aftermath of their victory has also shown that Hamas understands that it is its role as an agent of national liberation (and not its religious agenda) that has the support of the Palestinian majority. In the same way that the Israeli failure to defeat Hezbollah in Lebanon, the current assault will most likely only strengthen this support should Hamas merely remain intact as an organization once the attacks are over.


As the attack continues in Gaza one wonders if Hamas will respond with a campaign that includes suicide bombings. These grisly news events are examined in Hamas: A Beginner's Guide. Hroub traces their beginnings to the 1994 massacre of Muslim worshipers by Baruch Goldstein in a Hebron mosque. While acknowledging that suicide attacks have cost the Palestinian movement dearly in some quarters of the world, Hroub explains (without endorsing) the Hamas position on these attacks as tactically necessary. At the same time, he notes that Hamas targets only Israeli citizens and soldiers in the Territories and Israel itself. Although this may not be much solace to the western reader, the fact is, as Hroub tries to make clear throughout the book, Hamas considers the Israelis and Palestinians to be in a state of war. Consequently, the tactics of war are what rules Hamas' military actions.


The intention of Hamas: A Beginner's Guide is not to gloss over the harsh realities of the Palestinian struggle for freedom. Nor is it the book's intention to portray Hamas -- an important part of that struggle -- as a group without imperfections that sometimes engages in reprehensible tactics. This book will certainly not satisfy those whose notion of Hamas is framed solely by the US and Israeli characterization of the group as terrorists. However, for the average reader interested in trying to understand the group's motivations, philosophy, and plans, Hamas: A Beginner's Guide is an essential starting point. Furthermore, it might allow those an understanding as to why Israel's expressed hope to eradicate Hamas and bargain with the Palestinian Authority for a Tel Aviv-Washington imposed peace will most likely fail. Bare of propaganda either for or against the group, this text is the most fair-minded and balanced piece of literature on Hamas in the English language.


Ron Jacobs is author of The Way the Wind Blew: a history of the Weather Underground, which is just republished by Verso. Jacobs' essay on Big Bill Broonzy is featured in CounterPunch's collection on music, art and sex, Serpents in the Garden. His first novel, Short Order Frame Up, is published by Mainstay Press. He can be reached at: rjacobs3625@charter.net